A one-way, simply supported slab is modeled in SAFE. The modeled slab is 254 mm thick by 914 mm wide and spans 9,754 mm, as shown in Figure 17-1, and is the same slab used to validate the Eurocode PT design (see design verification example. European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen Contact information Address: Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, TP 480, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy. For example with the same crack width requirement, the amount of required reinforcement according to Eurocode 2 is about 5% less in bending and in a pure tension about 30% more than required by B4. The width of the beam will be taken equal to bw. 2.1.4 Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement steel Es = 200kN/mm2 Modulus of elasticity of concrete, Ec, for short-term and long-term loadings is given in Table 2.1 Table 2.1 Modulus of elasticity of concrete: short-term and long-term loading.
7.3.2 Minimum reinforcenlent areas
(1)P If crack control is required, a minimum amount of bonded reinforcement is required to control cracking in areas where tension is expected. The amount may be estimated from equilibrium between the tensile force in concrete just before cracking and the tensile force in reinforcement at yielding or at a lower stress if necessary to limit the crack width.
(2) Unless a more rigorous calculation shows lesser areas to be adequate, the required minimum areas of reinforcement may be calculated as follows. In profiled cross sections like Tbeams and box girders, minimum reinforcement should be determined for the individual parts of the section (webs, flanges).
(7.1)
where:
9.2 Beams
9.2.1 Longitudinal reinforcement
9.2.1.1 Minimum and maximum reinforcement areas
(1) The area of longitudinal tension reinforcement should not be taken as less than As,min.
Note 1: See also 7.3 for area of longitudinal tension reinforcement to control cracking.
Note 2: The value of As,min for beams for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is given in the following:
As,min = 0.26·fctm/fyk·bt·d, but not less than 0.0013·bt·d
where:
(2) Sections containing less reinforcement than As,min should be considered as unreinforced.
(3) The cross-sectional area of tension or compression reinforcement should not exceed As,max outside lap locations.
Note: The value of As,max for beams for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is 0.04·Ac.
9.3 Solid slabs
(1) This section applies to one-way and two-way solid slabs for which b and leff are not less than 5h (member for which the minimum panel dimension is not less than 5 times the overall slab thickness).
9.3.1 Flexural reinforcement
9.3.1.1 General Cs go zombie mod.
(1) For the minimum and the maximum steel percentages in the main direction 9.2,1,1 (1) and (3) apply.
(2) Secondary transverse reinforcement of not less than 20% of the principal reinforcement should be provided in one way slabs. In areas near supports transverse reinforcement to principal top bars is not necessary where there is no transverse bending moment.
(3) The spacing of bars should not exceed smax,slabs.
Note; The value of smax,slabs for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is:
- for the principal reinforcement, 3·h ≤ 400 mm, where h is the total depth of the slab;
- for the secondary reinforcement, 3.5·h ≤ 450 mm
In areas with concentrated loads or areas of maximum moment those provisions become respectively:
- for the principal reinforcement, 2·h ≤ 250 mm - for the secondary reinforcement, 3·h ≤ 400 mm.
9.5 Columns
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(1) This clause deals with columns for which the larger dimension h is not greater than 4 times the smaller dimension b.
9.5.1 General
9.5.2 Longitudinal reinforcement
(1) Longitudinal bars should have a diameter of not less than Φmin.
Note: The value of ¢min for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is 8 mm.
(2) The total amount of longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than As,min
Note: The value of As,min for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is given by Expression (9.12N)
As,min = max (0.1·NEd/fyd ; 0.002·Ac)
where:
(3) The area of longitudinal reinforcement should not exceed As,max
Note: The value of As,max for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is 0.04·Ac outside lap locations unless it can be shown that the integrity of concrete is not affected, and that the full strength is achieved at ULS. This limit should be increased to 0.08·Ac at laps.
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(4) For columns having a polygonal cross-section, at least one bar should be placed at each corner. The number of longitudinal bars in a circular column should not be less than four.
9.6 Walls
9.6.1 General
(1) This clause refers to reinforced concrete walls with a length to thickness ratio of 4 or more and in which the reinforcement is taken into account in the strength analysis
9.6.2 Vertical reinforcement
(1) The area of the vertical reinforcement should lie between As,vmin and As,vmax.
Note 1: The value of As,vmin for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is 0.002·Ac.
Note 2: The value of As,vmax for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is 0.04·Ac outside lap locations unless it can be shown that the concrete integrity is not affected and that the full strength is achieved at ULS. This limit may be doubled at laps.
(2) Where the minimum area of reinforcement, As,vmin, controls in design, half of this area should be located at each face.
Euro Code 3
(3) The distance between two adjacent vertical bars shall not exceed 3 times the wall thickness or 400 mm whichever is the lesser.
Euro Currency Code
9.6.3 Horizontal reinforcement
(1) Horizontal reinforcement running parallel to the faces of the wall (and to the free edges) should be provided at each surface. It should not be less than As,hmin.
Note: The value of As,hmin for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is either 25% of the vertical reinforcement or 0.001·Ac, whichever is greater.
(2) The spacing between two adjacent horizontal bars should not be greater than 400 mm.
9.8 Foundations
9.8.1 Column and wall footings
(1) A minimum bar diameter Φmin should be provided
Note: The value of Φmin for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is 8 mm.
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